What Is artificial intelligence?

I recently read an interesting article on Artificial Intelligence (AI) on Ars Technica, titled Brute force or intelligence? The slow rise of computer chess. It asked the question, "what is AI?" AI can be obtained by raw computing power (brute force) or is it something else? You don't have to wait to get to the end of this post to find out: it is something else.

The most famous test for AI is the Turing Test, originally described by Alan Turing in 1950 as a way of answering the question, "can machine of me?" The basic idea is that a human interrogator would ask questions to two players, one a machine and the other is a man. The interrogator should do the determining which player is the man and the machine. Turing proposed that a machine can be said to think that if a man the machine to the point where an interrogator could imitate a human could reasonably not distinguish on the basis of its answers.

The Loebner Prize competition is held each year in an attempt to a machine that "thinking can" based on the standard Turing Test. to date, no machine been able to discern in this annual competition results "of a man. In other words, is not machine currently known "thinking" on the basis of this standard.

Another well-known test of computer intelligence is how well they can play Chess (the subject referred to in the Ars Technica article). Almost since the start of the study of AI, Chess was considered a great test of machine intelligence. The reasoning? Exhaustive search in Chess is very computationally expensive. In fact, it is so expensive that it even for a computer to compete with success in chess, some level of intelligence to make decisions with imperfect information outside of search (although parallelism for faster processing makes more and more possible Search-part of the point in the Ars Technica article); performing a search on every possible outcome is not a viable solution.

And that's really the root of what intelligence is: the possibility of the use of knowledge and insight to solve problems without perfect information. Sometimes we call it intuition. Sometimes we call it experience. But whatever you call it, it's the reason why we can understand a language, even when someone speaks with unknown accent. It is also the reason why good players make moves even if they do not know can Chess (or consider) every outcome.

Intelligence reduces the need for search ...
Allen Newell and Herbert a. Simon on this in Computer Science as empirical inquiry: symbols and search. She said that intelligence reduces the need for search. And if you think about it, it's true. How often we search of every possible scenario before making decisions in our lives? For most of us the answer is rarely. Instead, we try to find solutions to daily problems on these problems back to similar experiences. Sometimes that relationship is strong and good, we are able to make informed decisions. Sometimes that relationship is weak and as a result of our decision or we can we possible uncertain search for opinion of another person who had a more closely-related experience.

In order for a computer, must be able to do those things intelligent. It must be able to process more than just. It must be able to make good decisions based on incomplete data and related experiences. It must also be able to acquire knowledge and integrate it with previously acquired knowledge. Intelligence is not something that are manufactured with brute force calculation. No, intelligence is what reduces the need for the calculation of the brute force.

Clayton Long
Clayton Long is a Lead Software Engineer with Nielsen and a technology enthusiast. He has a master's degree in computer science and he has certifications in both Java and.Net.
http://www.claytonstechnobabble.com/

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